Introducing the FRENCH AUDIO SUB BELOW ZERO FLOORSTANDING DUAL 15 SPEAKER, a top-of-the-line sound system for your home audio needs. This rectangular-shaped speaker boasts a high-end feature that will surely elevate your listening experience. With a powerful RMS power of 360 and impedance of 4-8 ohms, each speaker is a multi-chamber bass-reflect enclosure. This speaker system is perfect for large rooms or auditorium.. The FRENCH AUDIO SUB BELOW ZERO FLOORSTANDING DUAL 15 SPEAKER comes in a stunning Golden Oak Color. It has audio inputs of 110 INLET or use speaker wire.. This speaker is ideal for anyone who loves to listen to music with a full and rich sound with dominating bass. Get yours today and enjoy the ultimate audio experience!Power Capacity 750 WattsImpedance 5 OhmsSound Pressure Level 100db@1W/1M1.35 Titanium Dome TweeterWeight 212Lbs Each SpeakerFrequency Response 25 to 20,000 Cycles Per Second.Dimension 65.5 X 20 X 23.5Port Colors Red, Blue, GreenChamber Composition 3/4 Oak Wood, 3/4 Oak Plywood, 3/4 Plywood, 1 1/2 White Wood, 1/2 PlexiglassMain Port Composition Steel, Inner PVC Pick - Ups are Welcome. AS - IS, No Warranty, No Refunds, on used products.

Introducing the FRENCH AUDIO SUB BELOW ZERO FLOORSTANDING DUAL 15 SPEAKER, a top-of-the-line sound system for your home audio needs. This rectangular-shaped speaker boasts a high-end feature that will surely elevate your listening experience. With a powerful RMS power of 360 and impedance of 4-8 ohms, each speaker is a multi-chamber bass-reflect enclosure. This speaker system is perfect for large rooms or auditorium.. The FRENCH AUDIO SUB BELOW ZERO FLOORSTANDING DUAL 15 SPEAKER comes in a stunning Golden Oak Color. It has audio inputs of 110 INLET or use speaker wire.. This speaker is ideal for anyone who loves to listen to music with a full and rich sound with dominating bass. Get yours today and enjoy the ultimate audio experience!Power Capacity 750 WattsImpedance 5 OhmsSound Pressure Level 100db@1W/1M1.35 Titanium Dome TweeterWeight 212Lbs Each SpeakerFrequency Response 25 to 20,000 Cycles Per Second.Dimension 65.5 X 20 X 23.5Port Colors Red, Blue, GreenChamber Composition 3/4 Oak Wood, 3/4 Oak Plywood, 3/4 Plywood, 1 1/2 White Wood, 1/2 PlexiglassMain Port Composition Steel, Inner PVC Pick - Ups are Welcome. AS - IS, No Warranty, No Refunds, on used products.

6 Röhren Telefunken + Valvo EF 184, EF 183, EF 804, EF 86 - geprüft auf Funke W19S - Alles im Bereich Gut

Introducing the FRENCH AUDIO SUB BELOW ZERO FLOORSTANDING DUAL 15 SPEAKER, a top-of-the-line sound system for your home audio needs. This rectangular-shaped speaker boasts a high-end feature that will surely elevate your listening experience. With a powerful RMS power of 360 and impedance of 4-8 ohms, each speaker is a multi-chamber bass-reflect enclosure. This speaker system is perfect for large rooms or auditorium.. The FRENCH AUDIO SUB BELOW ZERO FLOORSTANDING DUAL 15 SPEAKER comes in a stunning Golden Oak Color. It has audio inputs of 110 INLET or use speaker wire.. This speaker is ideal for anyone who loves to listen to music with a full and rich sound with dominating bass. Get yours today and enjoy the ultimate audio experience!Power Capacity 750 WattsImpedance 5 OhmsSound Pressure Level 100db@1W/1M1.35 Titanium Dome TweeterWeight 212Lbs Each SpeakerFrequency Response 25 to 20,000 Cycles Per Second.Dimension 65.5 X 20 X 23.5Port Colors Red, Blue, GreenChamber Composition 3/4 Oak Wood, 3/4 Oak Plywood, 3/4 Plywood, 1 1/2 White Wood, 1/2 PlexiglassMain Port Composition Steel, Inner PVC Pick - Ups are Welcome. AS - IS, No Warranty, No Refunds, on used products.

6 Röhren Telefunken + Valvo EF 184, EF 183, EF 804, EF 86 - geprüft auf Funke W19S - Alles im Bereich Gut

Introducing the FRENCH AUDIO SUB BELOW ZERO FLOORSTANDING DUAL 15 SPEAKER, a top-of-the-line sound system for your home audio needs. This rectangular-shaped speaker boasts a high-end feature that will surely elevate your listening experience. With a powerful RMS power of 360 and impedance of 4-8 ohms, each speaker is a multi-chamber bass-reflect enclosure. This speaker system is perfect for large rooms or auditorium.. The FRENCH AUDIO SUB BELOW ZERO FLOORSTANDING DUAL 15 SPEAKER comes in a stunning Golden Oak Color. It has audio inputs of 110 INLET or use speaker wire.. This speaker is ideal for anyone who loves to listen to music with a full and rich sound with dominating bass. Get yours today and enjoy the ultimate audio experience!Power Capacity 750 WattsImpedance 5 OhmsSound Pressure Level 100db@1W/1M1.35 Titanium Dome TweeterWeight 212Lbs Each SpeakerFrequency Response 25 to 20,000 Cycles Per Second.Dimension 65.5 X 20 X 23.5Port Colors Red, Blue, GreenChamber Composition 3/4 Oak Wood, 3/4 Oak Plywood, 3/4 Plywood, 1 1/2 White Wood, 1/2 PlexiglassMain Port Composition Steel, Inner PVC Pick - Ups are Welcome. AS - IS, No Warranty, No Refunds, on used products.

6 Röhren Telefunken + Valvo EF 184, EF 183, EF 804, EF 86 - geprüft auf Funke W19S - Alles im Bereich Gut

6 Röhren Telefunken + Valvo EF 184, EF 183, EF 804, EF 86 - geprüft auf Funke W19S - Alles im Bereich Gut

NEU NEW Lautsprecherkabel LS-804 Set 2x3m Spade UVP 1.449,00 €Hersteller: in-akustikDesign: in-akustik4 x 1,2mm² Kupferdrähte, lackisoliertAtemberaubender Klang dank Luftisolation!Die einzigartige AIR-Technologie zeigt eindrucksvoll, was High-End-Kabel klanglich leisten können. Jetzt erweitert der deutsche Hersteller in-akustik seine Referenz Selection Serie um ein weiteres hochkarätiges Lautsprecherkabel. Für den Einstieg in diese Klasse, gibt es nun die ausgefeilte Air-Technologie erstmalig in einer flachen „Ribbon“-Konstruktion. Hier konnte durch die Air-Ribbon-Technologie ein exquisiter Klang besonders effizient durch eine Anpassung der Kabelarchitektur erzielt werden. Beim neuen Referenz LS-804 AIR-Lautsprecherkabel verlaufen vier Adern flach und nicht helixförmig nebeneinander wie bei den Air-Helix-Kabeln LS-1204, 2404 und 4004 AIR. Die Adern werden auch bei diesem Modell von eigens hierfür entwickelten Clips in Position gehalten und an beiden Enden des Lautsprecherkabels kreuzverschaltet. Auf diesem Weg werden die elektrischen Parameter Kapazität und Induktivität wiederum fein aufeinander abgestimmt. Das Aufteilen in mehrere kleinere, voneinander getrennte Leiter reduziert auch den Skin-Effekt. In Verbindung mit der Air-Technologie, also dem „Weglassen“ von Isolationsmaterial, welches einen Teil der Energie wie ein Schwamm „aufsaugen“ würde, ist bereits das Referenz LS-804 AIR in der Lage, sehr schnellen Impulsen zu folgen. Die ausgefeilten Details der Air-Technologie wirken unerwünschten elektrischen Effekten entgegen und machen es zu einem außergewöhnlichen Lautsprecherkabel. Insbesondere weniger monomentalen Verstärkern macht das LS-804 AIR die Arbeit leichter und sorgt für einen „entspannten“ Musikgenuss. Wie alle Lautsprecher- und Audiokabel der Referenz-Serie, wird auch das Referenz LS-804 AIR komplett in Deutschland gefertigt.Air-Ribbon-TechnologieBeim sogenannten Air-Ribbon-Kabel verlaufen vier Adern flach und nicht helixförmig nebeneinander wie bei den Air-Helix-Kabeln LS-1204, 2404 und 4004 AIR. Die Adern werden auch beim LS-804 AIR von eigens hierfür entwickelten Clips in Position gehalten und an beiden Enden des Lautsprecherkabels kreuzverschaltet. Auf diesem Weg werden die elektrischen Parameter Kapazität und Induktivität wiederum fein aufeinander abgestimmt. Das Aufteilen in mehrere kleinere, voneinander getrennte Leiter reduziert auch den Skin-Effekt. So bleibt der gesamte Leiterquerschnitt auch bei hohen Übertragungsfrequenzen nutzbar. In Verbindung mit der Air-Technologie, also dem „Weglassen“ von Isolationsmaterial, welches einen Teil der Energie wie ein Schwamm „aufsaugen“ würde, ist bereits das Referenz LS-804 AIR in der Lage, sehr schnellen Impulsen zu folgen. Die ausgefeilten Details der Air-Technologie wirken unerwünschten elektrischen Effekten entgegen und machen es zu einem außergewöhnlichen Lautsprecherkabel. Insbesondere mit weniger monumentalen Verstärkern harmoniert das LS-804 AIR hervorragend und sorgt für einen entspannten Musikgenuss. Elektrostatik und Kapazität: Jeder kennt diesen Effekt wenn man einen Pullover mit hohem Synthetik-Anteil auszieht und es knistert und funkt. Die Ursache liegt darin, dass das eingearbeitete Kunststoffmaterial elektrische Ladung speichert, die sich wieder entlädt. Das Gleiche passiert in dem Dielektrikum, dem Isolationsmaterial eines Kabels. Es „saugt“ elektrische Energie auf wie ein Schwamm auf und gibt sie später dann wieder ab. Bei einem Audiokabel sind dies allerdings Teile des Audiosignals. Ein Maß hierfür ist die Kabelkapazität, also die unerwünschte Speicherfähigkeit des Kabels. Während Kondensatoren Energie speichern sollen und eine entsprechend hohe Kapazität aufweisen, sollte die Kapazität des Kabels möglichst gering sein. Sie beeinflusst durch Verluste maßgeblich die Übertragungseigenschaften und führt überdies zu Wechselwirkungen mit der angeschlossenen Elektronik. Ideal ist also eine Luftisolation, wie sie mit der Air-Technologie realisiert wurde, da diese die Kapazität auf eine Minimum reduziert. Cross Link Super Speed-Hohlleiter: Auch das Leitermaterial spielt eine große Rolle. Es besteht beim Referenz LS-804 AIR wie bereits bei den Air-Helix-Modellen aus hochreinen Kupferdrähten, die auf einen PE-Kern geflochten sind. Eine hauchdünne Lackschicht auf den Drähten verhindert Wirbelströme innerhalb dieses Leiters und schützt auch hier das Kupfer zusätzlich vor Oxidation. Ein weiterer klangrelevanter Vorteil ist der auch in der Air-Ribbon-Technologie realisierte bifilare Aufbau der Leiter. Er sorgt dafür, dass sich die durch den Strom entstehenden Magnetfelder zum Teil kompensieren. Dieser bewährte Aufbau sorgt für ein neutrales Verhalten des Leiters über ein besonders weites Frequenzspektrum. Handgefertigt in Deutschland: Wie alle Lautsprecher- und Audiokabel der Referenz-Serie, wird auch das Referenz LS-804 AIR komplett in Deutschland handgefertigt. Mit großer Sorgfalt werden die Clips in der hauseigenen Manufaktur von Hand montiert und die Leiter eingefädelt. Im Anschluss erhält der so entstandene AIR Ribbon-Aufbau ebenfalls in Handarbeit das PE-Network-Jacket, bevor zuletzt die hochwertigen Anschlüsse montiert werden und die einwandfreie Funktion des Kabels geprüft wird. Features des LS-804 AIR:- 4 x 1,2mm² Kupferdrähte, lackisoliert- Sonderkonfektionen auf Anfrage- Als Single-Wire erhältlich- PE-Network Jacket gegen Mikrovibrationen- Double Layer Multicore- Luft-Dielektrikum sorgt für extrem geringe Kapazitäten- Cross Link Super-Speed-Hohlleiter-Technologie- PE-Network-Jacket gegen Mikrovibrationen- Drähte über PE-Kern- Handmade in GermanyLieferumfang: Ein Paar REFERENZ Selection Lautsprecherkabel LS-804 AIR, 3,0 Meter lang, Kabelschuh / Single-Wire.Dieses Produkt ist Made in Europe (Deutschland)!

Beschreibung Telefunken REN 804 Röhre, elektrisch noch sehr gut auf meinem Funke W19 S mit 15 mA (gut ab 11 mA). Weitere seltene Röhren und alte Radio-Bauteile (Widerstände, Kondensatoren, Übertrager, Drosseln, etc.) in meinem eBay Shop! Lieferumfang 1x Röhre, geprüft International One pc of Telefunken REN 804 radio tube, good cosmetics and still very good on my Funke W 19S at 15 mA (good starting at 11 mA). Please also see my other items for more tubes and radio parts (paper-in-oil and glass capacitors, Mullard Mustard, Siemens / Klangfilm and Allen Bradley resistors, etc.).

Excellent Ixos reference standard 75Ohm cable tested with the Chord Qutest and DAVE. Ideal for all CHORD DACs such as the Qutest, TT2, and DAVE, tested with Qutest and DAVE during design, each individually tested and burned in using the Qutest before being shipped. Also suitable for Linn, NAIM etc with BNC fittings. Pure Crystal oxygen-free copper cable with low density dielectric and true 75 Ohm construction. The BNC plug is a Yarbo, audiophile quality gold plated copper. (Usually the plugs are brass)Assembled by hand in the UK.Digital SPDIF cable to connect CD / digital player or streamer to DAC. 1.5m RCA to BNC is the optimum length for a SPDIF cable. See detail below. Burned in using the Tara Labs Cascade file. Please see the excellent 100% feedback I have received for hundreds of digital and analogue cables. Length of cable – why 1.5m? Summary There are only two occasions in audio where a longer cable – or an optimum length cable is better than a short one. Digital cables have an optimum length of 1.5m or more. (The other occasion is for MM phono cartridges, which need a specific capacitance). The reason for this requires an explanation. Please refer to the diagram in the photos. The signal travelling down a SPDIF (so-called digital cable) is actually a square wave ANALOGUE voltage signal; however, in reality, this square does not have instantaneous changes - the squares are sloped and somewhat rounded off, too, as it takes some time to change state from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0. The accuracy of the pulses at the end of the cable determines how accurately the source can interpret the signal in value 1 or 0 and also timing which is not so easy. The signal reflects back off the ends of the cable, the plugs and connected equipment (echoing back and forth). It produces ghost images of itself, which can fool the receiver into thinking that the ghost signals are the original signals. With short cables, under 1m, the ghost signals arrive close to the originals within the transition time frame from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 before the transition occurs. A 1m cable means the reflection arrives at about the same time as the transition is to be recorded. With longer cables, the reflection arrives too late to influence the receiver (The transition has already been recorded). Longer cables also mean lower amplitude or signal reflection; thus receiver can more easily determine between the correct signal and the spurious reflections. The bottom line is that a longer cable eliminates the false readings from the ghost images and thus reduces timing errors, called jitter, and therefore sounds better. Measurements and experimentation have determined the optimum size to be 1.5m or more. Very detailed explanation- for the curious, accompanies the diagram in the photos. Why SPDIF cables should be 1.5m long, detailed explanation. When the SPDIF signal is launched into the cable from the Transport, it is essentially a voltage square wave, consisting of rising and falling edges. These edges are no more than voltage transitions from about –250mV to +250mV, the rising edge transitioning from minus voltage to plus voltage and the falling edge transitioning from plus voltage to minus voltage. When an edge transitions, it can be described as having a rise-time or fall-time. This is the time it takes for the signal to transition from 10% to 90% of the entire voltage swing. (Note that this DOES Not happen instantaneously). The rise-time is important because this is what causes reflections on the transmission line. If the rise-time were very, very slow, say 50 nanoseconds, then there would be no reflections on the transmission line unless it was extremely long. Alternately, if the rise-time were less than one nanosecond, reflections would occur at every boundary, such as the connection from the circuit board to the wires that go to the connector. Typical stock Transports have around 25 nanosecond rise times. The primary concern for the manufacturer is to pass FCC regulations for emissions and electromagnetic interference and make the interface reliable. When the regulatory testing is done, they attach inexpensive, inferior cables and measure the emissions. To ensure that the manufacturer passes these tests, they take several precautions. One is designing in the slower than necessary 25 nanosecond rise-time. Another is inserting various filters in the Transport to eliminate high frequencies from the signal. As a result of these choices, there is a hazard created in using too short a digital cable. It is a result of the slow rise-time. When a transition is launched into the cable, it takes a period of time to propagate or transit to the other end. This propagation time is somewhat slower than the speed of light, usually around two nanoseconds per foot, but can be longer depending on the dielectrics used in the digital cable. When the transition reaches the end of the transmission line (in the DAC), a reflection can occur that propagates back to the driver in the Transport. Small reflections can occur in even well-matched systems. When the reflection reaches the driver, it can again be reflected back towards the DAC. This ping-pong effect can sustain itself for several bounces depending on the losses in the cable. It is not unusual to see 3-5 of these reflections before they finally decay away, mainly when using the best digital cables, which are usually low-loss. So, how does this affect the jitter? When the first reflection returns to the DAC, if the transition already in process at the receiver has not been completed, the reflection voltage will superimpose itself on the transition voltage, causing the transition to shift in time. The DAC will sample the transition in this time-shifted state, and there you have jitter. Lets look at a numerical example: If the rise-time is 25 nanoseconds and the cable length is 3 feet, then the propagation time is about 6 nanoseconds. Once the transition has arrived at the receiver, the reflection propagates back to the driver (6 nanoseconds), and then the driver reflects this back to the receiver (6 nanoseconds) = 12 nanoseconds. So, as seen at the receiver, 12 nanoseconds after the 25 nanosecond transition started, we have a reflection superimposing on the transition. This is right about the time that the receiver will try to sample the transition, right around 0 volts DC. Not good. Now, if the cable had been 1.5 meters, the reflection would have arrived 18 nanoseconds after the 25 nanosecond transition started at the receiver. This is much better because the receiver has likely already sampled the transition by this time.Unfortunately, better (usually more expensive) cables produce better digital sound. Blame the people who decided on the digital interface decades ago for not separating audio-only from the need to send audio with moving pictures.

4 Pieces Telefunken EF804S / EF 804 S <> Diamond bottom Tube NOS NIB SEALED Made in Ulm factory West Germany Tubes are new old stock in sealed box, never used. 1 box has been opened to check, see pictures. Auction is for 4 pieces tubes. Worldwide shipping. Please send a message first for exact shipping costs, thank you.

Original alte Radiorhre Telefunken REN 804, optisch und technisch gut, Emissionswert ist gut geprft (lt. Prfgert W19 = 12 mA). Versandkosten: BRD: 5 Euro versichert, EU-Europa : 15 Euro versichert. Der Versand erfolgt im Auftrag, auf Kosten und auf Risiko des Kufers. Achtung: Kein Verkauf an russische Staatsbrger. Kein Versand nach Russland. Ukrainische Kufer sind herzlich willkommen... Privatverkauf, Kein Umtausch, keine Gewhrleistung. Original old radio tube Telefunken REN 804 in tecnical and optical good condition. The tube is tested with 12 mA Emission, very good! The buyer has to pay the shipping costs (small insurance, recomande ): EU-Europa: 15 Euro, rest of Europe, USA, Asia,rest of world: 25 Euro . Worldwide shipping! The risk of shipping belongs to the buyer. Private sale. If you have any questions about the item, please ask! Attention: No selling to russian people. No shipping to russia. Ukrainian sellers are welcome...

4 Pieces Telefunken EF804S / EF 804 S <> Diamond bottom Tube NOS NIB SEALED Made in Ulm factory West Germany Tubes are new old stock in sealed box, never used. 1 box has been opened to check, see pictures. Auction is for 4 pieces tubes. Worldwide shipping. Please send a message first for exact shipping costs, thank you.

Excellent Ixos reference standard 75Ohm cable tested with the Chord Qutest and DAVE. Ideal for all CHORD DACs such as the Qutest, TT2, and DAVE, tested with Qutest and DAVE during design, each individually tested and burned in using the Qutest before being shipped. Also suitable for Linn, NAIM, Denafrips, Gustard etc with BNC fittings. Pure Crystal oxygen-free copper cable with low density dielectric and true 75 Ohm construction. The BNC plug is a Yarbo, audiophile quality gold plated copper. (Usually the plugs are brass)Assembled by hand in the UK.Digital SPDIF cable to connect CD / digital player or streamer to DAC. 1.5m RCA to BNC is the optimum length for a SPDIF cable. See detail below. Burned in using the Tara Labs Cascade file. Not this is a fully tested used cable, I have cleaned it and cut it from a longer length and fitted the new BNC plug. The yellow cable may have some marks or signs of use. I also sell a New Old Stock version of the cable for a little more money. They sound the same of course! This saves money with no real penalty - any marking on the cable is moonier - you certainly wont notice it at the back of your equipment! Please see the excellent 100% feedback I have received for hundreds of digital and analogue cables. Length of cable – why 1.5m? Summary There are only two occasions in audio where a longer cable – or an optimum length cable is better than a short one. Digital cables have an optimum length of 1.5m or more. (The other occasion is for MM phono cartridges, which need a specific capacitance). The reason for this requires an explanation. Please refer to the diagram in the photos. The signal travelling down a SPDIF (so-called digital cable) is actually a square wave ANALOGUE voltage signal; however, in reality, this square does not have instantaneous changes - the squares are sloped and somewhat rounded off, too, as it takes some time to change state from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0. The accuracy of the pulses at the end of the cable determines how accurately the source can interpret the signal in value 1 or 0 and also timing which is not so easy. The signal reflects back off the ends of the cable, the plugs and connected equipment (echoing back and forth). It produces ghost images of itself, which can fool the receiver into thinking that the ghost signals are the original signals. With short cables, under 1m, the ghost signals arrive close to the originals within the transition time frame from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 before the transition occurs. A 1m cable means the reflection arrives at about the same time as the transition is to be recorded. With longer cables, the reflection arrives too late to influence the receiver (The transition has already been recorded). Longer cables also mean lower amplitude or signal reflection; thus receiver can more easily determine between the correct signal and the spurious reflections. The bottom line is that a longer cable eliminates the false readings from the ghost images and thus reduces timing errors, called jitter, and therefore sounds better. Measurements and experimentation have determined the optimum size to be 1.5m or more. Very detailed explanation- for the curious, accompanies the diagram in the photos. Why SPDIF cables should be 1.5m long, detailed explanation. When the SPDIF signal is launched into the cable from the Transport, it is essentially a voltage square wave, consisting of rising and falling edges. These edges are no more than voltage transitions from about –250mV to +250mV, the rising edge transitioning from minus voltage to plus voltage and the falling edge transitioning from plus voltage to minus voltage. When an edge transitions, it can be described as having a rise-time or fall-time. This is the time it takes for the signal to transition from 10% to 90% of the entire voltage swing. (Note that this DOES Not happen instantaneously). The rise-time is important because this is what causes reflections on the transmission line. If the rise-time were very, very slow, say 50 nanoseconds, then there would be no reflections on the transmission line unless it was extremely long. Alternately, if the rise-time were less than one nanosecond, reflections would occur at every boundary, such as the connection from the circuit board to the wires that go to the connector. Typical stock Transports have around 25 nanosecond rise times. The primary concern for the manufacturer is to pass FCC regulations for emissions and electromagnetic interference and make the interface reliable. When the regulatory testing is done, they attach inexpensive, inferior cables and measure the emissions. To ensure that the manufacturer passes these tests, they take several precautions. One is designing in the slower than necessary 25 nanosecond rise-time. Another is inserting various filters in the Transport to eliminate high frequencies from the signal. As a result of these choices, there is a hazard created in using too short a digital cable. It is a result of the slow rise-time. When a transition is launched into the cable, it takes a period of time to propagate or transit to the other end. This propagation time is somewhat slower than the speed of light, usually around two nanoseconds per foot, but can be longer depending on the dielectrics used in the digital cable. When the transition reaches the end of the transmission line (in the DAC), a reflection can occur that propagates back to the driver in the Transport. Small reflections can occur in even well-matched systems. When the reflection reaches the driver, it can again be reflected back towards the DAC. This ping-pong effect can sustain itself for several bounces depending on the losses in the cable. It is not unusual to see 3-5 of these reflections before they finally decay away, mainly when using the best digital cables, which are usually low-loss. So, how does this affect the jitter? When the first reflection returns to the DAC, if the transition already in process at the receiver has not been completed, the reflection voltage will superimpose itself on the transition voltage, causing the transition to shift in time. The DAC will sample the transition in this time-shifted state, and there you have jitter. Lets look at a numerical example: If the rise-time is 25 nanoseconds and the cable length is 3 feet, then the propagation time is about 6 nanoseconds. Once the transition has arrived at the receiver, the reflection propagates back to the driver (6 nanoseconds), and then the driver reflects this back to the receiver (6 nanoseconds) = 12 nanoseconds. So, as seen at the receiver, 12 nanoseconds after the 25 nanosecond transition started, we have a reflection superimposing on the transition. This is right about the time that the receiver will try to sample the transition, right around 0 volts DC. Not good. Now, if the cable had been 1.5 meters, the reflection would have arrived 18 nanoseconds after the 25 nanosecond transition started at the receiver. This is much better because the receiver has likely already sampled the transition by this time.Unfortunately, better (usually more expensive) cables produce better digital sound. Blame the people who decided on the digital interface decades ago for not separating audio-only from the need to send audio with moving pictures.

Excellent Ixos reference standard 75Ohm cable tested with the Chord Qutest and DAVE. Ideal for all CHORD DACs such as the Qutest, TT2, and DAVE, tested with Qutest and DAVE during design, each individually tested and burned in using the Qutest before being shipped. Also suitable for Linn, NAIM etc with BNC fittings. Pure Crystal oxygen-free copper cable with low density dielectric and true 75 Ohm construction. The BNC plug is a Yarbo, audiophile quality gold plated copper. (Usually the plugs are brass)Assembled by hand in the UK.Digital SPDIF cable to connect CD / digital player or streamer to DAC. 1.5m RCA to BNC is the optimum length for a SPDIF cable. See detail below. Burned in using the Tara Labs Cascade file. Please see the excellent 100% feedback I have received for hundreds of digital and analogue cables. Length of cable – why 1.5m? Summary There are only two occasions in audio where a longer cable – or an optimum length cable is better than a short one. Digital cables have an optimum length of 1.5m or more. (The other occasion is for MM phono cartridges, which need a specific capacitance). The reason for this requires an explanation. Please refer to the diagram in the photos. The signal travelling down a SPDIF (so-called digital cable) is actually a square wave ANALOGUE voltage signal; however, in reality, this square does not have instantaneous changes - the squares are sloped and somewhat rounded off, too, as it takes some time to change state from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0. The accuracy of the pulses at the end of the cable determines how accurately the source can interpret the signal in value 1 or 0 and also timing which is not so easy. The signal reflects back off the ends of the cable, the plugs and connected equipment (echoing back and forth). It produces ghost images of itself, which can fool the receiver into thinking that the ghost signals are the original signals. With short cables, under 1m, the ghost signals arrive close to the originals within the transition time frame from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 before the transition occurs. A 1m cable means the reflection arrives at about the same time as the transition is to be recorded. With longer cables, the reflection arrives too late to influence the receiver (The transition has already been recorded). Longer cables also mean lower amplitude or signal reflection; thus receiver can more easily determine between the correct signal and the spurious reflections. The bottom line is that a longer cable eliminates the false readings from the ghost images and thus reduces timing errors, called jitter, and therefore sounds better. Measurements and experimentation have determined the optimum size to be 1.5m or more. Very detailed explanation- for the curious, accompanies the diagram in the photos. Why SPDIF cables should be 1.5m long, detailed explanation. When the SPDIF signal is launched into the cable from the Transport, it is essentially a voltage square wave, consisting of rising and falling edges. These edges are no more than voltage transitions from about –250mV to +250mV, the rising edge transitioning from minus voltage to plus voltage and the falling edge transitioning from plus voltage to minus voltage. When an edge transitions, it can be described as having a rise-time or fall-time. This is the time it takes for the signal to transition from 10% to 90% of the entire voltage swing. (Note that this DOES Not happen instantaneously). The rise-time is important because this is what causes reflections on the transmission line. If the rise-time were very, very slow, say 50 nanoseconds, then there would be no reflections on the transmission line unless it was extremely long. Alternately, if the rise-time were less than one nanosecond, reflections would occur at every boundary, such as the connection from the circuit board to the wires that go to the connector. Typical stock Transports have around 25 nanosecond rise times. The primary concern for the manufacturer is to pass FCC regulations for emissions and electromagnetic interference and make the interface reliable. When the regulatory testing is done, they attach inexpensive, inferior cables and measure the emissions. To ensure that the manufacturer passes these tests, they take several precautions. One is designing in the slower than necessary 25 nanosecond rise-time. Another is inserting various filters in the Transport to eliminate high frequencies from the signal. As a result of these choices, there is a hazard created in using too short a digital cable. It is a result of the slow rise-time. When a transition is launched into the cable, it takes a period of time to propagate or transit to the other end. This propagation time is somewhat slower than the speed of light, usually around two nanoseconds per foot, but can be longer depending on the dielectrics used in the digital cable. When the transition reaches the end of the transmission line (in the DAC), a reflection can occur that propagates back to the driver in the Transport. Small reflections can occur in even well-matched systems. When the reflection reaches the driver, it can again be reflected back towards the DAC. This ping-pong effect can sustain itself for several bounces depending on the losses in the cable. It is not unusual to see 3-5 of these reflections before they finally decay away, mainly when using the best digital cables, which are usually low-loss. So, how does this affect the jitter? When the first reflection returns to the DAC, if the transition already in process at the receiver has not been completed, the reflection voltage will superimpose itself on the transition voltage, causing the transition to shift in time. The DAC will sample the transition in this time-shifted state, and there you have jitter. Lets look at a numerical example: If the rise-time is 25 nanoseconds and the cable length is 3 feet, then the propagation time is about 6 nanoseconds. Once the transition has arrived at the receiver, the reflection propagates back to the driver (6 nanoseconds), and then the driver reflects this back to the receiver (6 nanoseconds) = 12 nanoseconds. So, as seen at the receiver, 12 nanoseconds after the 25 nanosecond transition started, we have a reflection superimposing on the transition. This is right about the time that the receiver will try to sample the transition, right around 0 volts DC. Not good. Now, if the cable had been 1.5 meters, the reflection would have arrived 18 nanoseconds after the 25 nanosecond transition started at the receiver. This is much better because the receiver has likely already sampled the transition by this time.Unfortunately, better (usually more expensive) cables produce better digital sound. Blame the people who decided on the digital interface decades ago for not separating audio-only from the need to send audio with moving pictures.

Excellent Ixos reference standard 75Ohm cable tested with the Chord Qutest and DAVE. Ideal for all CHORD DACs such as the Qutest, TT2, and DAVE, tested with Qutest and DAVE during design, each individually tested and burned in using the Qutest before being shipped. Also suitable for Linn, NAIM etc with BNC fittings. Pure Crystal oxygen-free copper cable with low density dielectric and true 75 Ohm construction. The BNC plug is a Yarbo, audiophile quality gold plated copper. (Usually the plugs are brass)Assembled by hand in the UK.Digital SPDIF cable to connect CD / digital player or streamer to DAC. 1.5m RCA to BNC is the optimum length for a SPDIF cable. See detail below. Burned in using the Tara Labs Cascade file. Please see the excellent 100% feedback I have received for hundreds of digital and analogue cables. Length of cable – why 1.5m? Summary There are only two occasions in audio where a longer cable – or an optimum length cable is better than a short one. Digital cables have an optimum length of 1.5m or more. (The other occasion is for MM phono cartridges, which need a specific capacitance). The reason for this requires an explanation. Please refer to the diagram in the photos. The signal travelling down a SPDIF (so-called digital cable) is actually a square wave ANALOGUE voltage signal; however, in reality, this square does not have instantaneous changes - the squares are sloped and somewhat rounded off, too, as it takes some time to change state from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0. The accuracy of the pulses at the end of the cable determines how accurately the source can interpret the signal in value 1 or 0 and also timing which is not so easy. The signal reflects back off the ends of the cable, the plugs and connected equipment (echoing back and forth). It produces ghost images of itself, which can fool the receiver into thinking that the ghost signals are the original signals. With short cables, under 1m, the ghost signals arrive close to the originals within the transition time frame from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 before the transition occurs. A 1m cable means the reflection arrives at about the same time as the transition is to be recorded. With longer cables, the reflection arrives too late to influence the receiver (The transition has already been recorded). Longer cables also mean lower amplitude or signal reflection; thus receiver can more easily determine between the correct signal and the spurious reflections. The bottom line is that a longer cable eliminates the false readings from the ghost images and thus reduces timing errors, called jitter, and therefore sounds better. Measurements and experimentation have determined the optimum size to be 1.5m or more. Very detailed explanation- for the curious, accompanies the diagram in the photos. Why SPDIF cables should be 1.5m long, detailed explanation. When the SPDIF signal is launched into the cable from the Transport, it is essentially a voltage square wave, consisting of rising and falling edges. These edges are no more than voltage transitions from about –250mV to +250mV, the rising edge transitioning from minus voltage to plus voltage and the falling edge transitioning from plus voltage to minus voltage. When an edge transitions, it can be described as having a rise-time or fall-time. This is the time it takes for the signal to transition from 10% to 90% of the entire voltage swing. (Note that this DOES Not happen instantaneously). The rise-time is important because this is what causes reflections on the transmission line. If the rise-time were very, very slow, say 50 nanoseconds, then there would be no reflections on the transmission line unless it was extremely long. Alternately, if the rise-time were less than one nanosecond, reflections would occur at every boundary, such as the connection from the circuit board to the wires that go to the connector. Typical stock Transports have around 25 nanosecond rise times. The primary concern for the manufacturer is to pass FCC regulations for emissions and electromagnetic interference and make the interface reliable. When the regulatory testing is done, they attach inexpensive, inferior cables and measure the emissions. To ensure that the manufacturer passes these tests, they take several precautions. One is designing in the slower than necessary 25 nanosecond rise-time. Another is inserting various filters in the Transport to eliminate high frequencies from the signal. As a result of these choices, there is a hazard created in using too short a digital cable. It is a result of the slow rise-time. When a transition is launched into the cable, it takes a period of time to propagate or transit to the other end. This propagation time is somewhat slower than the speed of light, usually around two nanoseconds per foot, but can be longer depending on the dielectrics used in the digital cable. When the transition reaches the end of the transmission line (in the DAC), a reflection can occur that propagates back to the driver in the Transport. Small reflections can occur in even well-matched systems. When the reflection reaches the driver, it can again be reflected back towards the DAC. This ping-pong effect can sustain itself for several bounces depending on the losses in the cable. It is not unusual to see 3-5 of these reflections before they finally decay away, mainly when using the best digital cables, which are usually low-loss. So, how does this affect the jitter? When the first reflection returns to the DAC, if the transition already in process at the receiver has not been completed, the reflection voltage will superimpose itself on the transition voltage, causing the transition to shift in time. The DAC will sample the transition in this time-shifted state, and there you have jitter. Lets look at a numerical example: If the rise-time is 25 nanoseconds and the cable length is 3 feet, then the propagation time is about 6 nanoseconds. Once the transition has arrived at the receiver, the reflection propagates back to the driver (6 nanoseconds), and then the driver reflects this back to the receiver (6 nanoseconds) = 12 nanoseconds. So, as seen at the receiver, 12 nanoseconds after the 25 nanosecond transition started, we have a reflection superimposing on the transition. This is right about the time that the receiver will try to sample the transition, right around 0 volts DC. Not good. Now, if the cable had been 1.5 meters, the reflection would have arrived 18 nanoseconds after the 25 nanosecond transition started at the receiver. This is much better because the receiver has likely already sampled the transition by this time.Unfortunately, better (usually more expensive) cables produce better digital sound. Blame the people who decided on the digital interface decades ago for not separating audio-only from the need to send audio with moving pictures.

Excellent Ixos reference standard 75Ohm cable tested with the Chord Qutest and DAVE. Ideal for all CHORD DACs such as the Qutest, TT2, and DAVE, tested with Qutest and DAVE during design, each individually tested and burned in using the Qutest before being shipped. Also suitable for Linn, NAIM, Denafrips, Gustard etc with BNC fittings. Pure Crystal oxygen-free copper cable with low density dielectric and true 75 Ohm construction. The BNC plug is a Yarbo, audiophile quality gold plated copper. (Usually the plugs are brass)Assembled by hand in the UK.Digital SPDIF cable to connect CD / digital player or streamer to DAC. 1.5m RCA to BNC is the optimum length for a SPDIF cable. See detail below. Burned in using the Tara Labs Cascade file. Not this is a fully tested used cable, I have cleaned it and cut it from a longer length and fitted the new BNC plug. The yellow cable may have some marks or signs of use. I also sell a New Old Stock version of the cable for a little more money. They sound the same of course! This saves money with no real penalty - any marking on the cable is moonier - you certainly wont notice it at the back of your equipment! Please see the excellent 100% feedback I have received for hundreds of digital and analogue cables. Length of cable – why 1.5m? Summary There are only two occasions in audio where a longer cable – or an optimum length cable is better than a short one. Digital cables have an optimum length of 1.5m or more. (The other occasion is for MM phono cartridges, which need a specific capacitance). The reason for this requires an explanation. Please refer to the diagram in the photos. The signal travelling down a SPDIF (so-called digital cable) is actually a square wave ANALOGUE voltage signal; however, in reality, this square does not have instantaneous changes - the squares are sloped and somewhat rounded off, too, as it takes some time to change state from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0. The accuracy of the pulses at the end of the cable determines how accurately the source can interpret the signal in value 1 or 0 and also timing which is not so easy. The signal reflects back off the ends of the cable, the plugs and connected equipment (echoing back and forth). It produces ghost images of itself, which can fool the receiver into thinking that the ghost signals are the original signals. With short cables, under 1m, the ghost signals arrive close to the originals within the transition time frame from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 before the transition occurs. A 1m cable means the reflection arrives at about the same time as the transition is to be recorded. With longer cables, the reflection arrives too late to influence the receiver (The transition has already been recorded). Longer cables also mean lower amplitude or signal reflection; thus receiver can more easily determine between the correct signal and the spurious reflections. The bottom line is that a longer cable eliminates the false readings from the ghost images and thus reduces timing errors, called jitter, and therefore sounds better. Measurements and experimentation have determined the optimum size to be 1.5m or more. Very detailed explanation- for the curious, accompanies the diagram in the photos. Why SPDIF cables should be 1.5m long, detailed explanation. When the SPDIF signal is launched into the cable from the Transport, it is essentially a voltage square wave, consisting of rising and falling edges. These edges are no more than voltage transitions from about –250mV to +250mV, the rising edge transitioning from minus voltage to plus voltage and the falling edge transitioning from plus voltage to minus voltage. When an edge transitions, it can be described as having a rise-time or fall-time. This is the time it takes for the signal to transition from 10% to 90% of the entire voltage swing. (Note that this DOES Not happen instantaneously). The rise-time is important because this is what causes reflections on the transmission line. If the rise-time were very, very slow, say 50 nanoseconds, then there would be no reflections on the transmission line unless it was extremely long. Alternately, if the rise-time were less than one nanosecond, reflections would occur at every boundary, such as the connection from the circuit board to the wires that go to the connector. Typical stock Transports have around 25 nanosecond rise times. The primary concern for the manufacturer is to pass FCC regulations for emissions and electromagnetic interference and make the interface reliable. When the regulatory testing is done, they attach inexpensive, inferior cables and measure the emissions. To ensure that the manufacturer passes these tests, they take several precautions. One is designing in the slower than necessary 25 nanosecond rise-time. Another is inserting various filters in the Transport to eliminate high frequencies from the signal. As a result of these choices, there is a hazard created in using too short a digital cable. It is a result of the slow rise-time. When a transition is launched into the cable, it takes a period of time to propagate or transit to the other end. This propagation time is somewhat slower than the speed of light, usually around two nanoseconds per foot, but can be longer depending on the dielectrics used in the digital cable. When the transition reaches the end of the transmission line (in the DAC), a reflection can occur that propagates back to the driver in the Transport. Small reflections can occur in even well-matched systems. When the reflection reaches the driver, it can again be reflected back towards the DAC. This ping-pong effect can sustain itself for several bounces depending on the losses in the cable. It is not unusual to see 3-5 of these reflections before they finally decay away, mainly when using the best digital cables, which are usually low-loss. So, how does this affect the jitter? When the first reflection returns to the DAC, if the transition already in process at the receiver has not been completed, the reflection voltage will superimpose itself on the transition voltage, causing the transition to shift in time. The DAC will sample the transition in this time-shifted state, and there you have jitter. Lets look at a numerical example: If the rise-time is 25 nanoseconds and the cable length is 3 feet, then the propagation time is about 6 nanoseconds. Once the transition has arrived at the receiver, the reflection propagates back to the driver (6 nanoseconds), and then the driver reflects this back to the receiver (6 nanoseconds) = 12 nanoseconds. So, as seen at the receiver, 12 nanoseconds after the 25 nanosecond transition started, we have a reflection superimposing on the transition. This is right about the time that the receiver will try to sample the transition, right around 0 volts DC. Not good. Now, if the cable had been 1.5 meters, the reflection would have arrived 18 nanoseconds after the 25 nanosecond transition started at the receiver. This is much better because the receiver has likely already sampled the transition by this time.Unfortunately, better (usually more expensive) cables produce better digital sound. Blame the people who decided on the digital interface decades ago for not separating audio-only from the need to send audio with moving pictures.

Excellent Ixos reference standard 75Ohm cable tested with the Chord Qutest and DAVE. Ideal for all CHORD DACs such as the Qutest, TT2, and DAVE, tested with Qutest and DAVE during design, each individually tested and burned in using the Qutest before being shipped. Also suitable for Linn, NAIM, Denafrips, Gustard etc with BNC fittings. Pure Crystal oxygen-free copper cable with low density dielectric and true 75 Ohm construction. The BNC plug is a Yarbo, audiophile quality gold plated copper. (Usually the plugs are brass)Assembled by hand in the UK.Digital SPDIF cable to connect CD / digital player or streamer to DAC. 1.5m RCA to BNC is the optimum length for a SPDIF cable. See detail below. Burned in using the Tara Labs Cascade file. Not this is a fully tested used cable, I have cleaned it and cut it from a longer length and fitted the new BNC plug. The yellow cable may have some marks or signs of use. I also sell a New Old Stock version of the cable for a little more money. They sound the same of course! This saves money with no real penalty - any marking on the cable is moonier - you certainly wont notice it at the back of your equipment! Please see the excellent 100% feedback I have received for hundreds of digital and analogue cables. Length of cable – why 1.5m? Summary There are only two occasions in audio where a longer cable – or an optimum length cable is better than a short one. Digital cables have an optimum length of 1.5m or more. (The other occasion is for MM phono cartridges, which need a specific capacitance). The reason for this requires an explanation. Please refer to the diagram in the photos. The signal travelling down a SPDIF (so-called digital cable) is actually a square wave ANALOGUE voltage signal; however, in reality, this square does not have instantaneous changes - the squares are sloped and somewhat rounded off, too, as it takes some time to change state from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0. The accuracy of the pulses at the end of the cable determines how accurately the source can interpret the signal in value 1 or 0 and also timing which is not so easy. The signal reflects back off the ends of the cable, the plugs and connected equipment (echoing back and forth). It produces ghost images of itself, which can fool the receiver into thinking that the ghost signals are the original signals. With short cables, under 1m, the ghost signals arrive close to the originals within the transition time frame from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 before the transition occurs. A 1m cable means the reflection arrives at about the same time as the transition is to be recorded. With longer cables, the reflection arrives too late to influence the receiver (The transition has already been recorded). Longer cables also mean lower amplitude or signal reflection; thus receiver can more easily determine between the correct signal and the spurious reflections. The bottom line is that a longer cable eliminates the false readings from the ghost images and thus reduces timing errors, called jitter, and therefore sounds better. Measurements and experimentation have determined the optimum size to be 1.5m or more. Very detailed explanation- for the curious, accompanies the diagram in the photos. Why SPDIF cables should be 1.5m long, detailed explanation. When the SPDIF signal is launched into the cable from the Transport, it is essentially a voltage square wave, consisting of rising and falling edges. These edges are no more than voltage transitions from about –250mV to +250mV, the rising edge transitioning from minus voltage to plus voltage and the falling edge transitioning from plus voltage to minus voltage. When an edge transitions, it can be described as having a rise-time or fall-time. This is the time it takes for the signal to transition from 10% to 90% of the entire voltage swing. (Note that this DOES Not happen instantaneously). The rise-time is important because this is what causes reflections on the transmission line. If the rise-time were very, very slow, say 50 nanoseconds, then there would be no reflections on the transmission line unless it was extremely long. Alternately, if the rise-time were less than one nanosecond, reflections would occur at every boundary, such as the connection from the circuit board to the wires that go to the connector. Typical stock Transports have around 25 nanosecond rise times. The primary concern for the manufacturer is to pass FCC regulations for emissions and electromagnetic interference and make the interface reliable. When the regulatory testing is done, they attach inexpensive, inferior cables and measure the emissions. To ensure that the manufacturer passes these tests, they take several precautions. One is designing in the slower than necessary 25 nanosecond rise-time. Another is inserting various filters in the Transport to eliminate high frequencies from the signal. As a result of these choices, there is a hazard created in using too short a digital cable. It is a result of the slow rise-time. When a transition is launched into the cable, it takes a period of time to propagate or transit to the other end. This propagation time is somewhat slower than the speed of light, usually around two nanoseconds per foot, but can be longer depending on the dielectrics used in the digital cable. When the transition reaches the end of the transmission line (in the DAC), a reflection can occur that propagates back to the driver in the Transport. Small reflections can occur in even well-matched systems. When the reflection reaches the driver, it can again be reflected back towards the DAC. This ping-pong effect can sustain itself for several bounces depending on the losses in the cable. It is not unusual to see 3-5 of these reflections before they finally decay away, mainly when using the best digital cables, which are usually low-loss. So, how does this affect the jitter? When the first reflection returns to the DAC, if the transition already in process at the receiver has not been completed, the reflection voltage will superimpose itself on the transition voltage, causing the transition to shift in time. The DAC will sample the transition in this time-shifted state, and there you have jitter. Lets look at a numerical example: If the rise-time is 25 nanoseconds and the cable length is 3 feet, then the propagation time is about 6 nanoseconds. Once the transition has arrived at the receiver, the reflection propagates back to the driver (6 nanoseconds), and then the driver reflects this back to the receiver (6 nanoseconds) = 12 nanoseconds. So, as seen at the receiver, 12 nanoseconds after the 25 nanosecond transition started, we have a reflection superimposing on the transition. This is right about the time that the receiver will try to sample the transition, right around 0 volts DC. Not good. Now, if the cable had been 1.5 meters, the reflection would have arrived 18 nanoseconds after the 25 nanosecond transition started at the receiver. This is much better because the receiver has likely already sampled the transition by this time.Unfortunately, better (usually more expensive) cables produce better digital sound. Blame the people who decided on the digital interface decades ago for not separating audio-only from the need to send audio with moving pictures.

Excellent Ixos reference standard 75Ohm cable tested with the Chord Qutest and DAVE. Ideal for all CHORD DACs such as the Qutest, TT2, and DAVE, tested with Qutest and DAVE during design, each individually tested and burned in using the Qutest before being shipped. Also suitable for Linn, NAIM etc with BNC fittings. Pure Crystal oxygen-free copper cable with low density dielectric and true 75 Ohm construction. The BNC plug is a Yarbo, audiophile quality gold plated copper. (Usually the plugs are brass)Assembled by hand in the UK.Digital SPDIF cable to connect CD / digital player or streamer to DAC. 1.5m RCA to BNC is the optimum length for a SPDIF cable. See detail below. Burned in using the Tara Labs Cascade file. Please see the excellent 100% feedback I have received for hundreds of digital and analogue cables. Length of cable – why 1.5m? Summary There are only two occasions in audio where a longer cable – or an optimum length cable is better than a short one. Digital cables have an optimum length of 1.5m or more. (The other occasion is for MM phono cartridges, which need a specific capacitance). The reason for this requires an explanation. Please refer to the diagram in the photos. The signal travelling down a SPDIF (so-called digital cable) is actually a square wave ANALOGUE voltage signal; however, in reality, this square does not have instantaneous changes - the squares are sloped and somewhat rounded off, too, as it takes some time to change state from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0. The accuracy of the pulses at the end of the cable determines how accurately the source can interpret the signal in value 1 or 0 and also timing which is not so easy. The signal reflects back off the ends of the cable, the plugs and connected equipment (echoing back and forth). It produces ghost images of itself, which can fool the receiver into thinking that the ghost signals are the original signals. With short cables, under 1m, the ghost signals arrive close to the originals within the transition time frame from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 before the transition occurs. A 1m cable means the reflection arrives at about the same time as the transition is to be recorded. With longer cables, the reflection arrives too late to influence the receiver (The transition has already been recorded). Longer cables also mean lower amplitude or signal reflection; thus receiver can more easily determine between the correct signal and the spurious reflections. The bottom line is that a longer cable eliminates the false readings from the ghost images and thus reduces timing errors, called jitter, and therefore sounds better. Measurements and experimentation have determined the optimum size to be 1.5m or more. Very detailed explanation- for the curious, accompanies the diagram in the photos. Why SPDIF cables should be 1.5m long, detailed explanation. When the SPDIF signal is launched into the cable from the Transport, it is essentially a voltage square wave, consisting of rising and falling edges. These edges are no more than voltage transitions from about –250mV to +250mV, the rising edge transitioning from minus voltage to plus voltage and the falling edge transitioning from plus voltage to minus voltage. When an edge transitions, it can be described as having a rise-time or fall-time. This is the time it takes for the signal to transition from 10% to 90% of the entire voltage swing. (Note that this DOES Not happen instantaneously). The rise-time is important because this is what causes reflections on the transmission line. If the rise-time were very, very slow, say 50 nanoseconds, then there would be no reflections on the transmission line unless it was extremely long. Alternately, if the rise-time were less than one nanosecond, reflections would occur at every boundary, such as the connection from the circuit board to the wires that go to the connector. Typical stock Transports have around 25 nanosecond rise times. The primary concern for the manufacturer is to pass FCC regulations for emissions and electromagnetic interference and make the interface reliable. When the regulatory testing is done, they attach inexpensive, inferior cables and measure the emissions. To ensure that the manufacturer passes these tests, they take several precautions. One is designing in the slower than necessary 25 nanosecond rise-time. Another is inserting various filters in the Transport to eliminate high frequencies from the signal. As a result of these choices, there is a hazard created in using too short a digital cable. It is a result of the slow rise-time. When a transition is launched into the cable, it takes a period of time to propagate or transit to the other end. This propagation time is somewhat slower than the speed of light, usually around two nanoseconds per foot, but can be longer depending on the dielectrics used in the digital cable. When the transition reaches the end of the transmission line (in the DAC), a reflection can occur that propagates back to the driver in the Transport. Small reflections can occur in even well-matched systems. When the reflection reaches the driver, it can again be reflected back towards the DAC. This ping-pong effect can sustain itself for several bounces depending on the losses in the cable. It is not unusual to see 3-5 of these reflections before they finally decay away, mainly when using the best digital cables, which are usually low-loss. So, how does this affect the jitter? When the first reflection returns to the DAC, if the transition already in process at the receiver has not been completed, the reflection voltage will superimpose itself on the transition voltage, causing the transition to shift in time. The DAC will sample the transition in this time-shifted state, and there you have jitter. Lets look at a numerical example: If the rise-time is 25 nanoseconds and the cable length is 3 feet, then the propagation time is about 6 nanoseconds. Once the transition has arrived at the receiver, the reflection propagates back to the driver (6 nanoseconds), and then the driver reflects this back to the receiver (6 nanoseconds) = 12 nanoseconds. So, as seen at the receiver, 12 nanoseconds after the 25 nanosecond transition started, we have a reflection superimposing on the transition. This is right about the time that the receiver will try to sample the transition, right around 0 volts DC. Not good. Now, if the cable had been 1.5 meters, the reflection would have arrived 18 nanoseconds after the 25 nanosecond transition started at the receiver. This is much better because the receiver has likely already sampled the transition by this time.Unfortunately, better (usually more expensive) cables produce better digital sound. Blame the people who decided on the digital interface decades ago for not separating audio-only from the need to send audio with moving pictures.